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The absolute requirement for substrate prephosphorylation ra
2021-12-23
The absolute requirement for substrate prephosphorylation raised the possibility that short phosphorylated peptides might serve as selective substrate competitive inhibitors. A set of phosphorylated peptides patterned after known GSK-3 substrates was generated and shown to inhibit GSK-3 in vitro in
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One important aspect about GSK inhibitors is their
2021-12-23
One important aspect about GSK-3 inhibitors is their effect on pluripotency of D-NMAPPD sale [4]. Many GSK-3 inhibitors are ATP-competitive and suppress both GSK-3alpha and GSK-3beta [476]. BIO was shown to suppress GSK-3 activity and promote Wnt/beta-catenin signaling. This combination of events p
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br GSK Glycogen synthase kinase GSK is a
2021-12-23
GSK-3 Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a ubiquitous serine/threonine kinase that is involved in multiple signaling pathways that are crucial for cellular metabolism and proliferation (Doble and Woodgett, 2003, Frame and Cohen, 2001, Grimes and Jope, 2001, Woodgett, 1990). GSK-3 is known to
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br Potential endogenous agonists of GPR The first
2021-12-23
Potential endogenous agonists of GPR35 The first endogenously produced chemical that was shown to be able to activate GPR35 was the tryptophan metabolite kynurenic dopamine receptor [8]. When human GPR35 was expressed along with a mixture of promiscuous and chimeric G proteins 9, 10 (Box 1) in CH
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The amyloid precursor protein APP is
2021-12-23
The amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a membrane protein thought to be involved in plasticity, synapse formation and repair, and export of metal ions [68]. The APP present in the brain can be cleaved by three different secretases [73], [74]. Cleavage of APP first by alpha secretase and then gamma-s
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To further investigate the molecular mechanisms that underli
2021-12-23
To further investigate the molecular mechanisms that underlie glycine's β-cell protective effects through its antioxidative activity in diabetes, we used a H2O2/high glucose-induced apoptosis cell model. Similar effects on ROS generation of high glucose and H2O2 support the in vivo results, suggesti
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Fumagillin Bergmann glia cells BGCs are the most
2021-12-23
Bergmann glia Fumagillin (BGCs) are the most abundant glia cells in the cerebellum, comprising more than 90% of the cerebellar glia. These cells span the entire cerebellar molecular layer and encapsulate neuronal somata, dendrites and axons. BGC are involved in neurotransmitter uptake, K+ homeostas
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br Acknowledgment br Introduction Positive and negative rein
2021-12-23
Acknowledgment Introduction Positive and negative reinforcement are known as the two pivotal components in various models of drug dependence. Compulsive drug seeking behavior results from both the euphoric effects of drug use (positive reinforcement) and the unpleasant withdrawal signs followi
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gpr120 agonist Increasing evidence has shown that
2021-12-23
Increasing evidence has shown that blockade of glutamate uptake leads to aberrant behavioral consequences. For example, intracerebroventricular (i.c.v) injection or microinjection of the GLT-1 inhibitor, dihydrokainic gpr120 agonist (DHK), into the prefrontal cortex induces anhedonia [8,9]. Microin
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Accordingly a bioassay guided approach was been used to stud
2021-12-23
Accordingly, a bioassay-guided approach was been used to study the bioactive compounds in VAS contribute to the α-glucosidase inhibitory and antioxidant activity. The 95% ethanol extraction of VAS was successively partitioned with petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and n-butanol. Ethyl acetate fraction
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The patterns of Fig Fig
2021-12-23
The patterns of Fig. 1, Fig. 2 emerge at the multicellular level; their dynamics can only be understood by integrating different magnitudes and feedback loops in networks incorporating the coupling between biochemical and bioelectrical signals (see Fig. 6, Fig. 8). Interestingly, this might also be
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br Concluding remarks In this small material
2021-12-23
Concluding remarks In this small material of thirteen pituitary tumors of various kinds, we could not run statistical analysis. However, with a follow-up period of up to five years, we show that Disclosure Statement Acknowledgments Introduction Galanin is a 29/30-residue neuropeptide fo
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Histamine functions as a key neurotransmitter in multiple ci
2021-12-22
Histamine functions as a key neurotransmitter in multiple circuits to control various behaviors. In Drosophila photoreceptor, histamine is produced de novo by histidine decarboxylase (Burg et al., 1993); meanwhile, maintaining normal histamine content also depends on the histamine recycling pathway
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Nazar and colleagues reported a normal HER gene number
2021-12-22
Nazar and colleagues reported a normal HER2 gene number in 13 primary and 2 recurrent ethmoid sinus adenocarcinomas, without any histological and immunohistochemical characterization, so a comparison with the present findings is impossible [14]. More recently, 552 head and neck carcinomas have been
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br Financial support This study was supported
2021-12-22
Financial support This study was supported by Grant PH-102-PP-11, PH-103-PP-11 from the National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan. Conflict of interest Please refer to the accompanying ICMJE disclosure forms for further details. Authors’ contributions Acknowledgements Introduction
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