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Further indirect evidence supporting an important role
2021-09-01
Further indirect evidence supporting an important role of DPP-4 in the modulating the actions of both incretins comes from the observations that analogues of GLP-1 and GIP, modified to be resistant to DPP-4 cleavage, were subsequently shown to have greater metabolic stability in vivo which was assoc
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br Introduction Diacylglycerol kinase DGK is a lipid metabol
2021-08-31
Introduction Diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) is a lipid-metabolizing enzyme that phosphorylates diacylglycerol (DG) to produce phosphatidic Valproic acid receptor (PA) [[1], [2], [3], [4]]. DG and PA act as lipid second messengers in a wide variety of biological processes. Ten DGK isozymes (α, β, γ,
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CYP A is involved in the enzymatic oxidation of many
2021-08-31
CYP3A is involved in the enzymatic latest of many therapeutic agents [29]. The activity of BFCOD has been used to monitor CYP3A activity in humans [30], pigs [31], mice [32], and fish [23]. The predominant isoform expressed in the human liver is CYP3A4 [33]. In pigs, CYP3A29 contributes most to CYP
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Previous studies found that depression primarily results
2021-08-31
Previous studies found that depression primarily results from impaired monoaminergic neurotransmission systems [1], [2]. The glutamatergic and GABAergic systems as well as several neuropeptide systems have also been the focus of pathophysiological studies on depression [1], [2]. Inflammatory cytokin
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br Methods br Results br Discussion The lowest
2021-08-31
Methods Results Discussion The lowest intra-CeA dose of R278995/CRA0450 that prevented the elevations in AMG 9810 synthesis reward thresholds associated with nicotine withdrawal was 0.05μg/side (0.1μg total bilateral dose). The total bilateral dose in the present study is 100 times lower t
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Several mechanisms are implicated in lipid induced insulin r
2021-08-31
Several mechanisms are implicated in lipid-induced insulin resistance in muscle, including oxidative stress (Koves et al., 2008, Zhang et al., 2011, Muoio and Neufer, 2012). Mitochondrion is a major source of ROS production. The oxidation of pyruvate and fatty dormin yielding acetyl-CoA occurs in m
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Therefore the relationship between ChEs activity and polymor
2021-08-31
Therefore, the relationship between ChEs activity and polymorphisms in POT1, TERF1, TERT genes were explored in order to screen susceptible biomarkers in this study. Materials and methods Results Discussion However, genetic toxicity induced by OPs has not been fully investigated so far. Ca
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br Methods br Results br Discussion Literature showed SN was
2021-08-31
Methods Results Discussion Literature showed SN was well studied for its antigastric ulcer, antiinflammatory, antihyperglycemic, and antihyperlipidemic properties. Although a recent publication reported that SN was found to exert its regulatory effect in animal cholesterol levels, the exact
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Thus the understanding of the
2021-08-31
Thus, the understanding of the various mechanisms of action of estrogen and SERMs is an important medical challenge and could help to develop an “ideal” SERM, preserving the beneficial effects of estrogen in the bone and urogenital system, and reducing the unwanted side effects, mainly increased ris
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cAMP mediated signaling pathways are important for maintaini
2021-08-31
cAMP-mediated signaling pathways are important for maintaining metabolic homeostasis, and the effects of the glucagon/catecholamine–cAMP–PKA axis on energy balance have been well documented [20]. For example, DPQ mg of the PKA 2β regulatory subunit (RIIβ) in mice leads to increased expression of un
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br STAR Methods br Author Contributions br Acknowledgments
2021-08-31
STAR★Methods Author Contributions Acknowledgments The authors thank Monika Kuhn for excellent technical assistance and Dr. Antje Schäfer for valuable scientific input. H.S. was supported by the DFG (FZ 82; Graduate School of Life Sciences and SCHI 425-6/1), and A.V.S. by Northwestern Univer
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br O GlcNAcase Human OGA is a multidomain protein
2021-08-31
O-GlcNAcase Human OGA is a multidomain protein with an N-terminal domain similar to glycoside hydrolase family 84 (GH84) enzymes, a stalk domain, a C-terminal pseudo histone acetyltransferase (HAT) domain, and several low-complexity regions (Figure 1f) [43]. A splice variant that lacks the HAT do
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A decrease in heme levels enables the phosphorylation of
2021-08-31
A decrease in heme levels enables the phosphorylation of eIF2α by HRI and thereby inhibition of eIF2α activity. Indeed, the relatively small change in cytosolic heme levels in SZ RGFP966 showed downstream functional consequences manifested by almost 50% elevation in the phosphorylation of eIF2α in S
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Until recently the first line treatment of RLS was the
2021-08-30
Until recently, the first line treatment of RLS was the administration of low dose of three dopaminergic drugs, which has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency for the treatment of moderate to severe RLS. These compounds are pramipexole (Mirapex), rop
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DGK type I http www apexbt com media
2021-08-30
DGKη1 (type II DGK) has a separated catalytic domain [10], [13], whereas the domains of DGKα, ε and ζ are not split [1], [2], [3], [4], [5]. Therefore, the structural difference may cause the distinct affinity for DG among these isozymes. Because other type II DGKs (η2, δ1, δ2 and κ) also have the s
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