In conclusion we have designed and characterized

In conclusion, we have designed and characterized a novel series of EAAT-blockers, exemplified by (-[4-(2-bromo-4,5-difluorophenoxy)phenyl]--asparagine)—a potent, selective, competitive non-substrate inhibitor of EAAT-2. As one of the most potent and selective EAAT-2 inhibitors identified to date, PHA-665752 australia represents a unique addition to the arsenal of pharmacological tools which can be used to elucidate further the role of specific EAAT subtypes and to improve our understanding of hyperglutamatergic and neurodegenerative disorders.
Introduction Modern medicine, with its continuous progress and breakthroughs, allows for the development of targeted therapies aiming at the pathomechanisms of various diseases, often based on the identification of individual therapeutic targets. Despite numerous medical advancements, the origins and causes of some diseases remain unknown and continue to pose a challenge to contemporary medicine. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is an example of a disease of unknown etiology and the number of the affected individuals is steadily increasing. In the US alone, ASD is diagnosed in as many as 16.8/1000 children aged 8 years, which significantly exceeded earlier predictions and makes it a public healthcare problem. ASD is characterized by dysfunctional behaviors, communication and social-interaction difficulties. The affected individuals typically present stereotyped behaviors and struggle with establishing contact, verbal and non-verbal communications, creating and understanding interpersonal relations.2, 3, 4 The etiology of ASD remains to be fully elucidated and the observational method is the only diagnostic tool available. A relationship between ASD and gastrointestinal symptoms, gut microbiota, nerve conduction, sleep, immune and mitochondrial disorders has been demonstrated., The multifactorial nature of ASD is the reasons why a variety of therapies, including educational, behavioral and pharmacotherapy, have been implemented. Despite extensive search, we lack consensus on the effective management and pharmacotherapy of ASD. The available therapeutic methods are not sufficient even in terms of symptomatic treatment. Parents of children with ASD frequently seek complementary and alternative methods of treatment, e.g. equine-assisted activities and therapies (EAAT), to support the classic approach.As the number of individuals undergoing EAAT increases annually, root system seems prudent to evaluate the effectiveness of EAAT for ASD treatment. EAAT incorporates hippotherapy (HPOT), i.e. an integrated therapeutic program, and therapeutic riding (TR), which originated from recreational activities. Both types of therapy use the contact with a horse and equine movement, which provides rhythmic movement to the patient’s body. EAAT affects the entire body, regulating blood pressure and muscle tone, and leading to improved balance., The literature offers numerous reports about the effectiveness of EAAT for the improvement of the physical functions of the body, although they mostly concern patients with cerebral palsy (CP).10, 11, 12, 13 Still, the popularity of EAAT is growing and the number of publications rises accordingly.
Methods A review of the literature and a meta-analysis were conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The procedures (search strategy, inclusion/exclusion criteria, and data extraction) were established and included in the protocol. An approval of an Ethics Committee is not required in such studies.
Search strategy The following online data bases were searched: PUBMED, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, ClinicalTrials.gov and PEDro. An algorithm with key words (Autism AND Hippotherapy OR Equine-Assisted Therapy) was used to find suitable publications. Two of the authors (TT and EZ) conducted their independent searches between January 1, 2000 and July 20, 2017. Additionally, the reference sections of the included articles were manually inspected to identify unique records. Only articles published in English were taken into consideration.